Disease

Dyspnoea

Chief Pharmacist

Shortness of breath or difficulty in breathing is a subjective feeling that may or may not be associated with objectively ...

Heart Failure

Chief Pharmacist

Heart failure (cardiac failure) is not a disease but a syndrome, with many possible aetiologies and a complex pathogenesis, yet ...

Gallstones

Chief Pharmacist

Gallstones are common, with some 10–15% of adults in Western countries having stones that can be demonstrated by ultrasonography, although ...

Diarrhea

Chief Pharmacist

Diarrhea is an increased volume or frequency of bowel movement, relative to that normal for an individual, associated with greater ...

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

Chief Pharmacist

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprises two distinct diseases: Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Because the former can occur ...

Peptic Ulcer

Chief Pharmacist

A peptic ulcer is an abnormal area of mucosa that has been damaged by the pepsin and hydrochloric acid of ...

Dyspepsia

Chief Pharmacist

The term ‘dyspepsia’ is used to describe upper abdominal discomfort, usually related to food or alcohol intake. Some possible origins ...

Ischemia

Chief Pharmacist

Ischemia is a deficiency of blood supply to tissues. If the deficiency is sufficiently severe and prolonged, the tissue eventually ...